Uncover the Rich History of Hoa Lu, Ninh Binh's Ancient Capital

Hoa Lu Ancient Capital Overview

The Hoa Lu Ancient Capital, located in Ninh Binh Province, is one of Vietnam's most historically significant sites. It was the capital of the country during the Dinh, Le, and Ly dynasties and is known for its stunning natural surroundings, featuring limestone karsts, rivers, and lush greenery.

The citadel today serves as a testament to Vietnam’s early dynastic history, attracting visitors interested in exploring ancient architecture and the roots of Vietnamese civilization.

Location and How to Get to Hoa Lu, Vietnam

The Hoa Lu Ancient Capital is located in Truong Yen Commune, Hoa Lu District, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam. It lies approximately 100 kilometers south of Hanoi, amidst the stunning limestone peaks and serene countryside.

Hoa Lu Ancient Citadel lies in Ninh Binh, surrounded by stunning limestone mountains.

Visiting Hoa Lu Ancient Capital is relatively straightforward from Hanoi:

• By Car: The most convenient way to get to Hoa Lu is by car or taxi. The journey takes approximately 2 hours from Hanoi. You can rent a private car, use ride-hailing apps, or join a guided tour, which often includes transportation.
• By Bus: Several buses run daily between Hanoi and Ninh Binh. Buses depart from the Hanoi Bus Station and the journey usually takes around 2.5 to 3 hours. Once in Ninh Binh, a short taxi ride will take you to the Hoa Lu Citadel.
• By Train: You can also take a train from Hanoi to Ninh Binh, which is another scenic way to travel, though it may take a bit longer—around 2 to 3 hours. After arriving at the Ninh Binh train station, you’ll need a short taxi ride to the citadel. Check dsvn.vn for ticket price and schedule.
• By Motorbike: Renting a motorbike is a popular and flexible way to explore Hoa Lu from Hanoi. The route typically takes around 2 hours, heading south on National Highway 1A to Ninh Binh. Rental fees range from VND 150,000–200,000 per day. You can rent motorbikes at Hanoi’s Old Quarter or via local rental shops.

Historical Background of Hoa Lu Ancient Capital, Vietnam

The Hoa Lu Ancient Capital was the capital of the country during the Dinh, Le, and Ly dynasties. The citadel holds immense historical significance as it was the center of political, cultural, and religious life during a time of great transition in Vietnamese history.

Though today it stands as a historical site, Hoa Lu remains a vital reminder of the country's early dynasties and their efforts to consolidate power, defend the nation, and establish the foundations of Vietnamese culture and governance. Let’s take a look at some of the most important milestones in Hoa Lu's history.

• 968: Dinh Bo Linh founded the Dinh Dynasty and made Hoa Lu the capital.
• 980: Dinh Bo Linh was assassinated; the Dinh Dynasty fell soon after.
• 1009-1010: Ly Thai To founded the Ly Dynasty and moved the capital to Thang Long.
• 11th-12th Century: Hoa Lu became a spiritual center with temples honoring past kings.
• 13th Century+: Hoa Lu’s political role faded but remained a historic symbol.

Vietnam’s first capital in the 10th century, Hoa Lu holds deep historical significance.

What to Know Before Visiting Hoa Lu Ancient Capital

• Opening Hours: Every day from 7:00 AM to 5:00 PM.
• Ticket Price: The entrance fee for Hoa Lu Ancient Capital is typically around 20,000 VND per person (subject to change). You can buy tickets directly at the entrance, so there’s no need to book in advance.
• Best Time to Visit: The best time to visit Hoa Lu, Ninh Binh is during the dry season, which runs from November to April. If you're planning to attend the Truong Yen Festival, it takes place in the third month of the lunar calendar which offers a unique cultural experience.

7 Things to Do and See in Hoa Lu Ancient Capital

If you're looking for exciting things to do in Hoa Lu, this ancient citadel offers a perfect mix of history, culture, and natural beauty that will leave you in awe.

1. Explore the Temples of King Dinh and King Le

Visiting the temples of King Dinh and King Le is like stepping back into Vietnam’s ancient past, and there’s a lot to see. The Temple of King Dinh is impressive with its traditional Dinh Dynasty architecture. It’s divided into three main shrines, and as you walk through, you’ll notice 17th-century carvings that tell stories of the past. The peaceful atmosphere here makes it a great spot to pause and take in the surroundings.

The Temple of King Le Dai Hanh, located nearby, has a more serene feel. The three interconnected halls are beautifully designed, and the surrounding gardens with a small lake add to the calm atmosphere. The temple is not just about the architecture but also the history—the contributions of King Le to Vietnam’s unity are honored here, offering a glimpse into the early dynastic era.

The Temples of King Dinh and King Le honor Vietnam’s great rulers.

2. Wander Through Nhat Tru Pagoda (One-Pillar Pagoda)

Nhat Tru Pagoda, also known as the One-Pillar Pagoda, is one of the most unique structures in Vietnam. Built on a single stone pillar, it symbolizes Vietnam’s architectural ingenuity. The pagoda’s design is minimalist yet striking, with delicate dragon and sword carvings that reflect the artistic styles of the Le and Nguyen Dynasties. It’s simple but powerful, and the whole structure feels like it’s floating above the earth.

There’s a deep spiritual connection to this place. Emperor Le Dai Hanh built it after a vision from the Buddha. The pagoda served as a gathering place for monks to discuss national matters, making it an important part of the country’s spiritual and political history. I always enjoy the peaceful vibe here, and it’s the perfect place to pause and reflect on the past and the present.

Nhat Tru Pagoda features ancient Buddhist relics and a peaceful atmosphere.

3. Visit the Four Sacred Temples of Hoa Lu

The Four Sacred Temples of Hoa Lu - Nguyen Temple, Quy Minh Temple, Cao Son Temple, and Thien Ton Temple—are spread across the region, each offering its own unique charm. These temples are dedicated to the four tutelary gods of Hoa Lu and are steeped in both history and spirituality. I recommend taking your time to explore each one. Nguyen Temple has a peaceful vibe with its elegant design, while Quy Minh Temple has a more rustic feel, blending seamlessly into nature.

Cao Son Temple is perched on a hill, offering spectacular views of the surrounding area. Thien Ton Temple, nestled in a quieter part of Hoa Lu, feels like a hidden oasis. The tranquil atmosphere at these temples is something to experience. If you visit, make sure to bring incense as a sign of respect. If possible, try to visit early in the morning or late afternoon, when the Hoa Lu temples are at their most peaceful.

Four Sacred Temples represent spiritual protection and local devotion in Hoa Lu.

4. Climb Mua Cave for Panoramic Views

If you're up for a bit of adventure, climbing Mua Cave is one of the best ways to experience Hoa Lu's stunning landscape. The climb consists of 500 steps, and while it's a workout, the breathtaking views from the top are totally worth it. As you ascend, you’ll pass through lush greenery, and every step you take brings you closer to the amazing panorama waiting at the summit.

Once you reach the top, you’ll be treated to views of the Tam Coc valley below, where limestone karsts rise dramatically from the rice fields. The views are absolutely unforgettable, and I promise you’ll want to snap a photo or two. It’s a peaceful spot, and if you time it right, the light during sunrise or sunset makes the landscape even more magical.

Mua Cave’s peak offers breathtaking panoramic views of rice fields below.

5. Take a Boat Trip to Tam Coc

A boat trip in Tam Coc is one of the most relaxing and scenic activities you can do in Hoa Lu. The river winds through towering limestone karsts and caves, earning the area the nickname “Halong Bay on land.” As you float down the river, you’ll pass through three famous caves—Hang Ca, Hang Hai, and Hang Ba - each offering unique views and a sense of tranquility. The landscape is so stunning that it feels like you’re in another world, far from the hustle and bustle.

It’s a peaceful experience, and the local rowers, often women in traditional conical hats, steer the boats with an effortless grace. If you really want to immerse yourself, hire a local guide who can tell you about the history and culture of the area. For the best experience, go early or later in the day to avoid crowds and enjoy the calm of the river at its quietest.

A boat ride through Tam Coc reveals limestone karsts and tranquil waterways.

6. Weaving Stories at Hoa Lu’s Annual Festivals

Hoa Lu’s annual Truong Yen Festival, held in the third month of the lunar calendar, is a fantastic way to experience local culture. This vibrant celebration honors the reigns of Kings Dinh Tien Hoang and Le Dai Hanh, and it’s filled with traditional music performances, folk games, and even boat races. The atmosphere is lively, and you’ll get a real sense of how important these kings were to the area’s history.

I’ve attended the festival, and it’s a fun, immersive experience. The streets come alive with locals in traditional dress, and the entire event feels like a living history lesson. If you can time your visit to coincide with the festival, you’ll be able to experience the cultural richness of Hoa Lu firsthand. It’s a perfect chance to engage with the local community and enjoy a festival full of color and energy.

Hoa Lu’s annual festivals bring history to life with vibrant traditions.

7. Experience Local Cuisine in Hoa Lu

No visit to Hoa Lu, Ninh Binh is complete without trying some of the local food. One of the most popular dishes here is com chay, crispy, and savory burnt rice, often served with delicious meats and vegetables. Another must-try is nem chua, a fermented pork dish with a distinctive flavor typically eaten with fresh herbs. These dishes truly reflect the local cuisine and offer a taste of the area’s culinary heritage.

For the full experience, head to one of the local eateries and dive into these regional specialties. I’ve always enjoyed my meals here, especially because the flavors are so authentic. If you’re in the mood for something a little different, stop by one of the local markets. You’ll find fresh produce, street food, and all sorts of unique snacks that give you a true taste of Hoa Lu’s food culture.

Local dishes like goat meat and crispy rice are must-try specialties in Hoa Lu.

Helpful Tips for Visiting Hoa Lu Ancient Capital

Here are some practical tips for visiting Hoa Lu Ancient Capital:

• While there's no strict dress code, it’s advisable to wear modest clothing when visiting Hoa Lu temples and pagodas. Long sleeves and pants are recommended to show respect for the sacred sites.
• The area can get quite warm, especially during midday. Carry a water bottle to stay refreshed throughout your visit.
• Exploring the citadel involves walking and climbing, so comfortable shoes are essential.
• Maintain a quiet demeanor and remove hats or sunglasses when entering temple areas.